Abstract
Balance and muscular endurance gender-related differences are very controversial.
Objective: This study aimed at examining the difference between young adult males and females in trunk muscles’ endurance and static balance.
Method: Thirty participants (15 males and 15 females) with mean (SD) age 20.2 ± 2.2 years and BMI 30.56± 2.12 kg/m2 participated in the study. Single-limb Stance (SLS) test was used to assess the static balance. The Sorensen test of trunk extensor endurance, trunk flexor endurance test and side bridge endurance test were used to assess the endurance of trunk muscles.
Results: One way between-subject MANOVA revealed that there were non-significant (p>0.05) between-subject effects for the endurance of trunk extensors, flexors and lateral flexors in addition to the single leg stance time between males and females.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that gender has no effect on the endurance of trunk muscles and static balance in young adults.
Keywords: Gender, Trunk Muscle, Endurance, Balance.
References
- Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, and Elkins B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 4, 92-99.
- Kenneth A, and David GB. (2005). The Impact of Instability Resistance Training on Balance and Stability. Sports Medicine, 35(1), 43-53.
- Winter DA, Patla AE, and Frank JS. (1990). Assessment of balance control in humans. Med ProgTechnol, 16(2), 31-51.
- McHugh MP, Tyler TF, Mirabella MR, Mullaney MJ, and Nicholas (2007). The Effectiveness of a Balance Training Intervention in Reducing the Incidence of Noncontact Ankle Sprains in High School Football Players. Am J Sports Med, 35(8).
- Wikstrom EA, Tillman MD, Smith AN, and Borsa (2005). A New Force-Plate Technology Measure of Dynamic Postural Stability: The Dynamic Postural Stability Index. J Athl Train, 40(4), 305–309.
- Guskiewicz K. (2011). Regaining postural stability and balance. In: Rehabilitation Techniques for sports medicine and athletic training Prentice W E Fifth ed. McGraw Hill NY; Pp: 145-70.
- Gribble PA and Hertel J. (2004). Effect of lower-extremity muscle fatigue on postural control. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 589-92.
- Rozzi S, Yuktanandana P, Pincivero D, and Lephart S. Role of fatigue on proprioception and neuromuscular control. In: Lephart S, Fu F, editors. Proprioception and Neuromuscular Control in Joint Stability. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000. pp. 375–383.
- Bliven KCH, and Anderson (2013). Core Stability Training for Injury Prevention. Sports Health, 5(6), 514–522.
- Hrysomallis C. (2007). Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports Medicine, 37, 547-56.
- Arokoski JP, Valta T, and Airaksinen O. (2001). Back and abdominal muscle function during stabilization exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,82,1089-98.
- Okada T, and Huxel K. (2011). Relationship between core stability, functional movement and Performance. J Strength Cond Res, 25, 252-61.
- Fredericson M, and Moore T. (2005). Muscular Balance, Core Stability, and Injury Prevention for Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.16, 669-89.
- Nolan L, Grigorenko A and Thorstensson (2005). Balance control: sex and age differences in 9-to 16-year-olds. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 47 (7), 449-454.
- Evans K, Refshauge KM, and Adams R. (2007). Trunk muscle endurance tests: reliability, and gender differences in athletes. J Sci Med Sport, 10, 447-55.
- Demoulin C, Vanderthommen M, Duysens C, and Crielaard JM. (2006). Spinal muscle evaluation using the sorensen test: a critical appraisal of
the literature, Joint Bone Spine, 73, 43-50.
- Bohannon RW, Larkin PA, Cook AC, Gear J, and Singer J. (1984). Decrease in Timed Balance Test Scores with Aging. Physical Therapy, 64(7), 1067-1070.
- Caldwell K, Harrison M, Adams M, and Triplett (2009). Effect of Pilates and taijiquan training on self-efficacy, sleep quality, mood, and physical performance of college students. J BodywMovTher, 13(2):155-63.
- Mann L, Kleinpaul JF, Mota CB, and Santos SG. (2009). Body balance and physical exercise: systemic review. Rev EducFís Motive,15(3),713-22.
- Torres SF, Reis JG, and Carvalhode (2014). Influence of gender and physical exercise on balance of healthy young adults. Fisioter Mov, 27(3), 399-406.
- Bryant EC, Trew ME, Bruce AM, Kuisma RM, and Smith AW. (2005). Gender differences in balance performance at the time of retirement. ClinBiomech (Bristol, Avon), 20(3), 330-5.
- Martins A, Pereira EF, Teixeira CS, and Corazza, ST. (2010). Relationship between maximum dynamic strength of lower limbs and body balance in bodybuilders. Rev Bras Cineantropom Performance Hum, 12(5), 375-80.
- Melan GR, Buragadda S, Alhusaini A, Ibrahim AI, and Kachanathu, SJ. (2014). Gender Differences in Static and Dynamic Postural Stability Parameters in Community Dwelling Healthy Older Adults. Middle-East J Sci Res, 22 (9), 1259-1264.
- Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby CA, Amerman P, and Nashner, L. (1994). Gender differences in the balance of healthy elderly as demonstrated by dynamic posturography. Gerontol, 49, 160-167.
- Hageman PA, Leibowitz JM, and Blanke D. (1995). Age and gender effects on postural control measures. Archives Phys. Med. Rehab, 76,961-965.
- Fujiwara , Toyama H, Kunita K, Asai H, and Miyaguchi A. (2001) Modality of postural movement in men and women with both arms flexed during standing. Percept. Mot. Skills, 93,611-625.
- Demura S, Yamaji S and Kitabayashi (2005). Endurance and age-related differences of dynamic balancing ability based on various stepping motions in the healthy elderly.J. Human Ergol., 34, 1-11.
- Farenc I, Rougier P, and Berger L. (2003). The influence of gender and body characteristics on upright stance. Hum. Biol. 30(3), 279–294.
- Gribble PA, Robinson RH, Hertel J and Denegar CR. (2009). The effects of gender and fatigue on dynamic postural control. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 18(2), 240.
- Dorneles PP, Panke GI, and Mota CB. (2013). Comparison of postural balance between female and male adolescent. FisioterPesq, 20(3), 210-214.
- Rajabi, Gaini and Karimi. (2008). Physical Fitness. Publisher: Samt. 5th publication.
- Nourollahnajafabadi M, Sedighi Z, Sargolzaee F, Haghighi M, and Asadysaravi S. (2013). Description of the status of strength muscle, endurance muscle, balance and flexibility in elderly people, Annals of Biological Research, 4 (2), 257-260.
- Roubenoff R, and Castaneda C. (2001). Sarcopenia-understanding the dynamics of aging muscle. JAMA, 286(10),1230-1.
- Alfieri FM, Riberto M, Gatz LS, Ribeiro CP, Lopes JA, and Santarém (2010). Functional mobility and balance in community-dwelling elderly submitted to multisensory versus strength exercises. ClinInterv Aging, 5, 181–185.
- Clark BC, Manini TM, Dwight J, Doldo NA, and Ploutz-Snyder LL. (2003). Gender differences in skeletal muscle fatigability are related to contraction type and EMG spectral compression. J ApplPhysiol, 94: 2263–2272.
- Silva RA, Larivière C, Arsenault AB, Nadeau S, and Plamondon, A. (2009). Effect of pelvic stabilization and hip position on trunk extensor activity during back extension exercises on a roman chair. original report. J Rehabil Med, 41, 136–142.
- Salvador EP, Cyrino ES, Gurjão EL, Dias RM, Nakamura FY, and Oliveira AR. (2005). A comparison of motor performance between men and women in multiple sets of weight exercises. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 11(5).
- Sugimoto H, Demura S, and Nagasawa Y. (2014). Age and Gender-Related Differences in Physical Functions of the Elderly Following One-Year Regular Exercise Therapy, Health, 6, 792-801.
Corresponding Author
Abeer Farag Hanafy (Abeer F. Hanafy)
Lecturer of Biomechanics, Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University
7 Ahmed El Zaiat Street, Bein El Sarayat, Giza, Egypt
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Tel.: 01063044443