Title: Protein Oxidation in Active and Abstinent Alcoholics in Comparison With Normal Controls
Authors: Sandhya CV, Vidhukumar K, Sreekumari RG
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i7.72
Abstract
Background-Though there is much evidence in support of the hypothesis that acute or chronic alcohol toxicity is mediated primarily via the generation of damaging free radical species, only very few studies had analysed the effect of alcohol withdrawal on protein oxidation and antioxidant status in alcoholics. Also studies concentrating on alcoholics without any clinical or biochemical evidence of liver disease and eliminating other confounders such as smoking are less. Hence the present study aimed to measure carbonyl protein as an index of oxidative damage to proteins in alcoholics without liver disease and determine whether it is reversible on abstinence from alcohol.
Methods- The study was conducted in patients with alcohol dependence attending the de-addiction facility in a tertiary care hospital in south India. The study group comprised of 30 male alcoholics in the age group 20-60 years who exhibited no clinical or biochemical evidence of severe liver disease. Blood sample collection was done in the study group immediately after admission and after one month of reported abstinence from alcohol (Groups 1&2, n=30 each).The control group (Group 3, n=30) included healthy male subjects in the same age group as alcoholics with no or occasional alcohol consumption only. Serum Protein carbonyl (PC) levels and plasma Vitamin C levels were estimated in the study and control groups..The confounding effect of smoking on the parameters of oxidative stress was eliminated by appropriate statistical methods and estimated marginal means calculated.
Results-PC levels were found to decrease significantly on abstinence from alcohol. Both active alcoholics and abstinent alcoholics show significantly elevated PC levels compared to controls even after eliminating the effect of smoking. Serum Vitamin C levels were found to be lower in both the alcoholic subgroups compared to non-alcoholic controls, but there was no significant elevation of levels on abstinence from alcohol.
Conclusion-Oxidative damage to proteins is increased in alcoholics without liver disease which comes down on abstinence. Antioxidant supplementation may be essential during the withdrawal phase to reverse this damage.
Keywords- Protein carbonyls, oxidative damage, abstinent alcoholics, alcohol withdrawal, protein oxidation, vitamin C.
References
1. Albano E. Alcohol, oxidative stress and free radical damage. Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;65(3):278–90.
2. Wu D, Cederbaum AI. Oxidative stress and alcoholic liver disease. Seminars in Liver Disease. 2009. p. 141–54.
3. Kasdallah-Grissa A, Mornagui B, Aouani E, Hammami M, Gharbi N, Kamoun A, et al. Protective effect of resveratrol on ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006;41(3):236–9.
4. Perlemuter G, Davit-Spraul A, Cosson C, Conti M, Bigorgne A, Paradis V, et al. Increase in liver antioxidant enzyme activities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2005;25(5):946–53.
5. Polimeni L, Del Ben M, Baratta F, Perri L, Albanese F, Pastori D, et al. Oxidative stress: New insights on the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(10):1325–36.
6. Ucar G, Demir B, Ulug B. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes of type I and II alcoholics. Cell Biochem Funct. 2005;23(1):29–37.
7. Ceni E, Mello T, Galli A. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: Role of oxidative metabolism. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(47):17756–72.
8. Setshedi M, Wands JR, de la Monte SM. Acetaldehyde adducts in alcoholic liver disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2010;3(3):178–85.
9. Grattagliano I, Vendemiale G, Sabbà C, Buonamico P, Altomare E. Oxidation of circulating proteins in alcoholics: Role of acetaldehyde and xanthine oxidase. J Hepatol. 1996;25(1):28–36.
10. Bailey SM, Patel VB, Young T a, Asayama K, Cunningham CC. Chronic ethanol consumption alters the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase-1 system and protein oxidation status in rat liver. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(5):726–33.
11. Vendemiale G, Grattagliano I, Altomare E, Serviddio G, Portincasa P, Prigigallo F, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative damage and myocardial fibrosis in rats chronically intoxicated with moderate doses of ethanol. Toxicol Lett. 2001;123(2-3):209–16.
12. Zima T, Fialov L, Mestek O, Janebov M, Crkovsk J, Malbohan I, et al. Oxidative stress, metabolism of ethanol and alcohol-related diseases. J Biomed Sci. 2001;8(1):59–70.
13. Buettner GR, Jurkiewicz BA. Ascorbate free radical as a marker of oxidative stress: An EPR study. Free Radic Biol Med. 1993;14(1):49–55.
14. Gueguen S, Pirollet P, Leroy P, Guilland J, Arnaud J. Changes in Serum Retinol , alpha-Tocopherol , Vitamin C , Carotenoids , Zinc and Selenium after Micronutrient Suppleme-ntation during Alcohol Rehabilitation. J Amer Coll Nutr. 2003;22(4):303–10.
15. Reznick AZ, Packer L. Oxidative damage to proteins: Spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods Enzymol. 1994;233:357–63.
16. Oliveira GL, Lippi G, Banfi G, Church S, Cornes M, et al. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;53(3):357–70.
17. Carnevali S, Petruzzelli S, Longoni B, Vanacore R, Barale R, Cipollini M, et al. Cigarette smoke extract induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003;284(6):L955–63.
18. Mutlu-Türkoğlu U, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Aykaç-Toker G, Mirsal H, Beyazyürek M, Uysal M. Increased lipid and protein oxidation and DNA damage in patients with chronic alcoholism. J Lab Clin Med. 2000;136(4):287–91.
19. Kapaki E, Liappas I, Lyras L, Paraskevas GP, Mamali I, Theotoka I, et al. Oxidative damage to plasma proteins in patients with chronic alcohol dependence: the effect of smoking. In Vivo. 2007;21(3):523–8.
20. Dupont I, Bodénez P, Berthou F, Simon B, Bardou LG, Lucas D. Cytochrome P-450 2E1 activity and oxidative stress in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(1):98–103.
21. Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, Chang HH, Jacob RA, Ames BN. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: A study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):530–6.