Title: Role of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography Imaging In Patients with Clinically Suspected Lung Cancer in Kumaun Region of Uttarakhand (India)
Authors: Rajesh Kumar Saket, Divyashree
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i8.25
Abstract
BACKGROUND:- Bronchogenic carcinoma is most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the developed world and its incidence is rising in developing countries. Radiological imaging plays a critical role in the initial detection and diagnosis of lung cancer. Chest radiography and computed tomography are the primary imaging modalities. Multi Detector computed tomography (MDCT) is the modality of choice for evaluating the lung carcinomas.
OBJECTIVES:- The objectives of our study are to assess the role of multi detector computed tomography in diagnosis, characterization and staging of lung cancer and their cytopathological correlation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study comprised of all patients who presented to the department of radiodiagnosis GMC and associated Dr. STM hospital Haldwani (Nainital), the only postgraduate institute and a tertiary care center of the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, for CT scan of thorax, having clinical and/ or radiographic suspicion of lung cancer. Ultimately, only those patients with a cytopathologically confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer were included in the final analysis.The study was conducted from September 2013 to August 2015.
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: In the present study a total of 94 patients were studied. The most common histological presentation was squamous cell carcinoma in 43 patients (45.74%) followed by adenocarcinoma in 19 patients (20.21%), undifferentiated group found in 15 patients (15.96%), small cell carcinoma in 10 patients(10.63%), and large cell carcinoma in 4 patients (4.25%). Squamous cell carcinoma was commonest among the every age group. We also found that the most common tumor among the males was squamous cell carcinoma whereas among the females adenocarcinoma was the commonest .The prevalence of all types of bronchogenic carcinomas were more common in smokers. The most common tumor among the smokers was squamous cell carcinoma whereas the most common tumor among nonsmokers was adenocarcinoma.
KEY WORDS: Bronchogenic carcinoma, MDCT and FNAC.
References
1. Nath V, Grewal KS. Cancer in India. Ind J Med Res 1935; 23: 149-90.
2. Parkin, D.M., P. Pisani, A.D. Lopez, et al., At least one in seven cases of cancer is caused by smoking. Global estimates for 1985. Int J Cancer, 1994. 59(4): p. 494-504
3. Khuri FR, Herbst RS, Fossells FV. Emerging therapies in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 739-44.
4. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008 Int J Cancer 2010;127:2893-917.
5. Beckett WS. Epidemiology and etiology of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med , 1993;14:1-15.
6. Rawat J, Sindhwani G, Gaur D , Dua R, Saini S., clinicopathological profile of lung cancer in Uttarakhand; Lung India 2009;26;74-76.
7. Jemal A, Thun MJ, Ries LAG, Howe HL, Weir HK, Center MM, et al. Annual report to the nation on the state of cancer, 1975-2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use and tobacco control. JNCI 2008; 100: 1672-94.
8. Kanavos P. The rising burden of cancer in the developing world. Ann Oncol 2006;8:15-23
9. Banker DD. J Post Grad Med 1955; 1 : 108. (Quoted in Nagrath SP, Hazra DK, Lahiri B,Kishore B, Kumar R. Primary carcinoma of the lung: Clinicopathological study of 35 cases. Indian J Chest Dis 1970; 12 : 15-24.
10. Sirsat MV. Some aspects of the pathology of primary carcinoma of the lung. J Postgrad Med 1958; 4 : 6-14.
11. Viswanathan R, Gupta S, Iyer PV. Incidence of primary lung cancer in India. Thorax 1962;17:73-6.
12. Ganesh B, Sushama S, Monika S, Suvarna P. A Case-control Study of Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Mumbai, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12:357-62.
13. Shetty C.M. , Kakhkhar B.N. Gangadhar V.S.S, Ramachandran N.R.; changing pattern of bronchgenic carcinoma: A statistical variation or Reality. Indian J Radiol imaging 2005;15 (1) : 233-238.
14. Carr DT, Holoye PY, Hong WK. Bronchogenic carcinoma. In: Murray JF, Nadal JA, editors. Textbook of respiratory medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1994. pp. 1528–96.
15. Harry A aller; “Primary Neoplasm of Lung” Radilogy 1986,59
16. Ishikawa H, Koizumi N, Morita T, Tani Y, Tsuchida M, Umezu H, Naito M, Sasai K. Ultrasmall pulmonary opacities on multidetector-row highresolution computed tomography: a prospective radiologic-pathologic examination J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005 Sep-Oct; 29(5):621-5
17. Sugi K, Kitada K, Yoshino M, Hirazawa K, Matsuda E, Azuma T, Umemori Y New method of visualizing lymphatics in lung cancer patients by multidetector computed tomography J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005 Mar-Apr; 29(2):210-4
18. Franklin WA. Diagnosis of lung cancer. Chest. 2000;117:80–9. (Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B. Histological typing of tumors of lung and pleura. In: Sobin LH, editor. World Health Organization. Classification of tumors.3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1999. [PubMed]
19. Melamed MR, Flehinger BJ, Zaman MB. Impact of early detection on the clinical course of lung cancer. Surg Clin N Am 1987; 67:909 24
20. David M, Epastein ”The role of radiological screening in lung cancer”. RCNA;1990: 28;489-495
21. Mahmood N.S, and Suresh H.B. ; Multidetector computed tomography findings in the revised tumor, Nodal and metastasis staging of non small cell carcinoma of the lung; A Pictorial essay , Indian J Radiol 2010 7(1) ; 17-22.
22. Santambrogio L, Nosotti M, Bellaviti N, Pavoni G, Radice F, Caputo V. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of solitary pulmonary nodules: A prospective, randomized study of immediate cytologic evaluation. Chest. 1997;112:423–5
23. Arundhati Bag, Sarita Rawat, Nirdosh Kumar Pant,1 Narayan Singh Jyala,2 Abhishek Singh,1 and Kailash Chandra Pandey1 J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2012 Jul-Dec; 3(2): 186–188.
24. Sanjeet K Mandal, T T Singh, T D Sharma, V Amrithalingam; Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 14, 2013: 7277-7281.
25. Jindal SK, Behera D. Clinical spectrum of primary lung cancer – review of Chandigarh experience of 10 years. Lung India 1990; 8:94-98.
26. D Biswas1, A Dey1, S Kundu2, S Kundu2, SK Saha1, A Sengupta3- Comparison study of clinicoradiological profile of primary lung cancer cases: An Eastern India experience,- Indian Journal of Cancer, Vol. 49, No. 1, January-March, 2012, pp (89-95).
27. Rajendra PRASAD,1 Prince JAMES,1 Vikas KESARWANI,1 Richa GUPTA,1 Mohan C. PANT,2 Arun CHATURVEDI3 AND Anand N. SHRIVASTAVA4 ;Clinicopathological study of bronchogenic carcinoma; Respirology (2004) 9, 557–560
28. Manoj Kumar Agrawal, Amit Kumar2, Ankit Khurana3, Nadeem Akbar4- “ CLINICO PATHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF LUNG CANCER AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER, BAREILLY.” Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2014; Vol. 3, Issue 70, Page: 14318-14322,
29. Sumana Mukherjee, Gautam Bandyopadhyay, Aparna Bhattacharya, 1 Ritu Ghosh,2 Gopinath Barui,1 and Rupam Karmakar1, Computed tomography-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of solitary pulmonary nodules suspected to be bronchogenic carcinoma: Experience of a general hospital ;J Cytol. 2010 Jan; 27(1): 8–11.
30. Vendhan Gajalakshmi, Rayjean J. Hung, Aleyamma Mathew, Cherian Varghese, Paul Brennan and Paolo Boffetta ;Tobacco smoking and chewing, alcohol drinking and lung cancer risk among men in southern India, International Journal of Cancer;Volume 107, Issue 3, pages 441–447, 10 November 2003
31. Noronha V, Dikshit R, Raut N, Joshi A, Pramesh C S, George K, Agarwal J P, Munshi A, Prabhash K. Epidemiology of lung cancer in India: Focus on the differences between non-smokers and smokers: A single-centre experience. Indian J Cancer 2012;49:74-81
32. Abinash Agarwala, PP Roy2, Samir kumar Sarkar3, Siddhartha kumar Das4, Ankan Banerjee5; Clinico-pathological profile of diagnosed patients of lung cancer with its relation to smoking habit and educational status in a medical college of paschim medinipore west Bengal, india- A Tribal area prospective; Asian Pac. J. Health Sci., 2014; 1(4): 479-485
33. Shanmugapriya Shankar, Vijayalakshmi Thanasekaran1, T. Dhanasekar1, Prathiba Duvooru Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical profile of non–small cell lung carcinoma in a tertiary care medical centre in South India; Lung India • Vol 31 • Issue 1 • Jan - Mar 2014
34. Sundaram V, Sanyal N. Clinicopathological profile of bronchogenic carcinoma in a tertiary care hospital in eastern part of India.Clin Cancer Investig J 2014;3:220-224
35. Prabhat Singh Malik1, Mehar Chand Sharma2, Bidhu Kalyan Mohanti3, N K Shukla4, SVS Deo4, Anant Mohan5, Guresh Kumar6, Vinod Raina1*; Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 14, 2013