Introduction

In 1954 Friedmann narrated different curves for progress of labour in multiparous and nulliparous females. Any divergence is failure to progress⁽¹⁾. In 1969 active management of labour was introduced to decrease the caesarean rate.⁽²⁾ Various surgical, medical and instrumental interventions are described when there is arrest in second stage of labour⁽³⁾

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Dr Paribhashita Mishra

Associate Professor, Dept of Obs and Gynaecology, Gajara Raja Medical College, Gwalior, MP, India