Backgrounds: The study aimed at examining the effect of DSME/S on self-efficacy in the client with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Currently, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide is increasing. Various complications will occur if the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus is not to be performed correctly. Diabetes Self-Management and Support (DSME/S) is an educational activity that can enhance self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Method: A quasi-experimental research with pre-post test design using control group was applied to 45 samples which were determined using a proportionate simple random sampling technique. Data of the study were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA. 

Results: The results of the study showed that the score of DSME/S had a significant impact on self-efficacy score of the client with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to DSME group and control group (p = 0.003).

Conclusion: DSME/S intervention has a better effect on self-efficacy score in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients compared to DSME intervention. For further research, it is suggested to examine other variables that can affect self-efficacy such as one's mastery experience, social model, verbal persuasion and physical condition and emotional.

Keywords: type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, DSME/S, self-efficacy

1. American Association of Diabetes Educators, 2009. AADE guidelines for the practice of diabetes self-management education and training (DSME/T). The Diabetes Educator, 35(3_suppl), pp.85S-107S.
2. Al-Khawaldeh, O.A., Al-Hassan, M.A. and Froelicher, E.S., 2012. Self-efficacy, self-management, and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 26(1), pp.10-16.
3. Atlas, D., 2015. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.
4. Bonner, J.E., 2010. Social-cognitive predictors of physical activity initiation in type 2 diabetes following diabetes self-management education: application of the health action process approach.
5. Chrvala, C.A., Sherr, D. and Lipman, R.D., 2016. Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control. Patient education and counseling, 99(6), pp.926-943.
6. Coppola, A., Sasso, L., Bagnasco, A., Giustina, A., and Gazzaruso, C., 2016. The role of patient education in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: an overview. Endocrine, 53(1), pp.18-27.
7. Franek, J., 2013. Self-management support interventions for persons with chronic disease: an evidence-based analysis. Ontario health technology assessment series, 13(9), p.1.
8. Guariguata, L., Whiting, D., Weil, C. and Unwin, N., 2011. The International Diabetes Federation diabetes atlas methodology for estimating the global and national prevalence of diabetes in adults. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 94(3), pp.322-332
9. Hex, N., Bartlett, C., Wright, D., Taylor, M. and Varley, D., 2012. Estimating the current and future costs of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in the UK, including direct health costs and indirect societal and productivity costs. Diabetic Medicine, 29(7),pp.855-862.
10. Iannotti, R.J., Schneider, S., Nansel, T.R., Haynie, D.L., Plotnick, L.P., Clark, L.M., Sobel, D.O. and Simons-Morton, B., 2006. Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and diabetes self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2), pp.98-105.
11. Judiono, J., Hadisaputro, S., Indranila, K.S., Cahyono, B., Suzery, M., Widiastuti, Y. and Purnawan, A.I., 2014. Effects of plain kefir on biomolecular aspects of the glycemic status of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Bandung, West Java [study on human blood glucose, c peptide, and insulin]. Functional foods in health and disease, 4(8), pp.340-348.
12. Kautzky-Willer, A., Harreiter, J. and Pacini, G., 2016. Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology, and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine reviews, 37(3), pp.278-316.
13. Kitabchi, A.E., Umpierrez, G.E., Miles, J.M. and Fisher, J.N., 2009. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32(7), pp.1335-1343.
14. King, D.K., Glasgow, R.E., Toobert, D.J., Strycker, L.A., Estabrooks, P.A., Osuna, D. and Faber, A.J., 2010. Self-efficacy, problem-solving, and social-environmental support are associated with diabetes self-management behaviors. Diabetes Care, 33(4), pp.751-753.
15. Krichbaum, K., Aarestad, V. and Buethe, M., 2003. Exploring the connection between self-efficacy and effective diabetes self-f management. The Diabetes Educator, 29(4), pp.653-662.
16. Mayberry, L.S., and Osborn, C.Y., 2012. Family support, medication adherence, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 35(6), pp.1239-1245.
17. Philis-Tsimikas, A. and Gallo, L.C., 2014. Implementing community-based diabetes programs: the Scripps Whittier diabetes institute experience. Current diabetes reports, 14(2), p.462.
18. Sarkar, U., Fisher, L. and Schillinger, D., 2006. Is self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race /ethnicity and health literacy?. Diabetes Care, 29(4), pp.823-829.
19. Seaquist, E.R., Anderson, J., Childs, B., Cryer, P., Dagogo-Jack, S., Fish, L., Heller, S.R., Rodriguez, H., Rosenzweig, J. and Vigersky, R., 2013. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(5), pp.1845-1859.
20. Sue Kirkman, M., Briscoe, V.J., Clark, N., Florez, H., Haas, L.B., Halter, J.B., Huang, E.S., Korytkowski, M.T., Munshi, M.N., Odegard, P.S. and Pratley, R.E., 2012. Diabetes in older adults: a consensus report. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(12), pp.2342-2356.
21. Strom, J.L. and Egede, L.E., 2012. The impact of social support on outcomes in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Current diabetes reports, 12(6), pp.769-781.
22. Tabasi, H.K., Madarshahian, F., Nikoo, M.K., Hassanabadi, M. and Mahmoudirad, G., 2014. Impact of family support improvement behaviors on antidiabetic medication adherence and cognition in type 2 diabetic patients — Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 13(1), p.113.
23. Vaccaro, J.A., Exebio, J.C., Zarini, G.G. and Huffman, F.G., 2014. The role of family/friend social support in diabetes self-management for minorities with type 2 diabetes.
24. Young-Hyman, D., De Groot, M., Hill-Briggs, F., Gonzalez, J.S., Hood, K. and Peyrot, M., 2016. Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 39(12), pp.2126-2140.

Arwani

Post Graduate Program of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia