Abstract
Background: Hypertension is an important global health issue of the 21st century, which has developed together with rapid economic growth, urbanization, aging population, changing life style and other unhealthy behaviours. The rising burden is big concern especially in rural areas due to unawareness about screening and inadequate approach to health care resources. The present study was planned to measure the prevalence of hypertension and its association with sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors in rural population of Jaipur.
Material and Methods: This cross sectional, community based study was conducted in the rural field practice area of MGMC, Jaipur. A total 1700 adult participants, aged between 18 to 60 years were enrolled by systemic random sampling method. All the participants were personally contacted in their house, interviewed and examined using predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Baseline data regarding sociodemographic characteristics, behavioural practices and blood pressure were noted down in proforma. JNC-7 diagnostic criteria (SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP≥ 90 mmHg) was used for hypertension. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-Square test by using SPSS version 17.
Results: The prevalence of hypertension in our study population was 14.24%. Increasing age, illiteracy, higher SES, sedentary occupation, reduced physical activity, excess intake of salt, family history of hypertension and consumption of tobacco and alcohol were found to be significant risk factor for hypertension.
Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension among adults in rural field practice area is relatively high. Urgent attention is required to arrest its rising trends, by raising public awareness and identifying it at an early stage and its related factors through primary prevention and further control.
Keywords: Hypertension, rural population, risk factors.
References
- Bloch MJ. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension exceeds 1.3 billion. Journal of American society of hypertension. 2016;10(10):753-754.
- Mills KT, Bundy J., Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016; 134:441–450.
- Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N et al. Age specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta–analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-13.
- Anchala R,Kannuri NK, Pant H, Khan H, Oscar H, Franco OH, Emanuele Di, Angelantonio ED and Prabhakaran Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014 Jun; 32(6): 1170–1177.
- World Health Organization. A Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis. World Health Day 2013. Report, 1–39. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013.
- The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2560-72.
- Abha Mangal et al. Modified B.G. Prasad classification for the year 2015. Indian Journal of Public Health. 2015;59(1):42-44.
- Gupta R. Trends in Hypertension epidemiology in India. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2004;18:73-78.
- World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/publications/ world_health_ statistics/2014/en/. [Last accessed on 2017 Jul 23].
- Report on Causes of Deaths in India 2001-2003. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General of India, Govt. of India; 2010. p. 42-5.
- Parekh A, Parekh M, Vadasmiya D, Kumar A. Study of Prehypertension & Hypertension in rural area of Vadodara district. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2013;2(1):117-20.
- Basu G, Biswas S. Epidemiology of Hypertension and its risk factors in a village of West Bengal. Indian Journal of research and reports in Medical Sciences. 2013;3:24.
- Yuvaraj BY, Nagendra GMR. Umakantha AG. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in rural area of Davanagere. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2010;35(1):13841.
- Pooja and Mittal Y. Prevalence of hypertension among rural population of Doiwala Block, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2013;5(1):21-24.
- Meshram II, Laxmaiah A, Mallikharjun RK, Arlappa N, Balkrishna N, Reddy CG et al. Prevalence of hypertension and its correlates among Adult Tribal Population (≥ 20 years) of Maharashtra state, India. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research. 2014;4(1):130-139.
- Rao PC, Venkatramana P, Annaiah P, and Reddy PC. Prevalence and predictors of hypertension in an ethnic population of South India. Anthropologist.2013; 15: 193-197.
- Madhukumar S, Gaikwad V, Sudeepa D. An epidemiological study of hypertension and its risk factors in rural population of Bangalore rural Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012;3:264-70. 20.
- Thrift AG, Evans RG, Kalyanram K, Kartik K, Fitzgerald SM, Srikant V. Gender-specific effects of caste and salt on hypertension in poverty: A population based study. Journal of Hypertension. 2011;29(3):443-50. 21.
- World Health Organization. Hypertension control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; TRS 862, 1996.
- Singh PS, Singh PK, Zafar KS and Sharma H et al. Prevalence of hypertension in rural population of central India. International Journal of Research in Medical Science. 2017;5(4):1451-1455.
- Ismail MM, Kulkarni AG, Meundi AD and Amruth M. A community based comparative study of prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among urban and rural populations in a costal town of south India. Sifa Medical Journal. 2016; 3: 41-47.
- Mohan V, Deepa M, Farooq S, Datta M, Deepa R. Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in Chennai: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-52). J Assoc Physic India 2007;55:326-32.
- Wasnik VR and Jawarkar. Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in rural area of Amravati District of Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Research in Medical sciences. 2016; Feb 4(2): 549-555.
- Gupta R, Sharma AK. Prevalence of hypertension and sub type in an Indian rural population: Clinical and Electrocardiographic Correlates. J Human Hypertension. 1994; 8:823-829.
- Verma M, Rajput M, Sahoo SS, Kaur N, Rohilla R and Sharma R. Prevalence of hypertension and its association with different anthropometric variables among adult in rural areas of North India. International Journal of Research and Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2015;4(5):1775-1783.
- Sharma AK Gupta VP, Prakash H, Bharadwaj H, Gupta R. High prevalence of hypertension in the desert based population of Rajasthan. South Asian Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2003;7(2):81-89.
- Kumar K, Kothari RP, Kothari K, Garg S, Khandelwal MK, and Gupta R. Prevalence of hypertension in an urban and rural area of Jaipur district. International Journal of healthcare and Biomedical Research. 2013;1:120-
- Kokiwar PR, and Gupta SS. Prevalence of Hypertension in a rural community of Central India. International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2011;2:
950-953.
- Rajasekar VD, Krishnagopal L, Mittal A, Singh Z, Purty AJ, Binu VS. Prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in a rural area of Tamil Nadu, South India. Indian J Med Specialties. 2012;3:12-7. 25.
- Gupta R, Gupta KD. Coronary heart disease in low socioeconomic status subjects in India: “An evolving epidemic”. Indian Heart J. 2009;61:358-67.
- Deswal BS et al. An epidemiological study of hypertension among residents in Pune. Indian Journal of Community Medicine.1991;16(1):21-28.
- Jajoo UN, Kalanatri SP, Gupta OP, and Jain AP. The prevalence of hypertension in rural population around Sewagram. Journal of Association of Physicians of India.1993; 41, 422-424.
- Blair SN, Goodyear NN, Gibbons LW, Cooper KH. Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women. Journal of American Medical Association.1984;252:487-490.
- Satheesh BC and Mohammad Iliyas C. Prevalence of hypertension in a rural community of North Kerala, India: A cross sectional study. Int J of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2017;4(2): 528-531.
- Bartwal J, Awasthi S, Rawat CMS and Singh RK. Prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among individuals attending outpatient department of rural health training centre, Haldwani. Indian Journal of Community Health. 2014; 26(1):76-81.
- Ducher M, Fauvel JP, Maurin M et al. Sodium intake and blood pressure in healthy individuals. J of Hypertension. 2003; 21: 289-294.
- Stalmer R. Implications of the INTERSALT study. Hypertension. 1991;17 (Suppl): I16-20.
- Anand MP. Epidemiology and Current Concepts in Hypertension. 2nd ed. Mumbai, India: ICP; 1995. p. 4-13.
- Dhungana RR, Pandey AR, Bista B, Joshi S, and Devkota S. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal. International Journal of Hypertension. 2016, Article ID 1656938, 10 pages.
Corresponding Author
Bhardwaj SL
Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i5.11
