Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the one of the most lethal urological carcinoma. It has a high incidence rate in western countries as compared to the Asian countries. There is paucity of literature about the incidence and types of RCC in Asian countries like India. The presentation of RCC has shifted from symptomatic towards incidental detection due to widespread availability of imaging techniques like ultrasonography. This study is a prospective observational study which aims at detecting the incidence and percentage of types of RCC in Southern India at a tertiary care health centre.

Material and Methods: All the patients of nephrectomy (over a period of one year) whose biopsy came out as renal cell carcinoma were included in the study. Data was analysed in terms of age at presentation, mode of presentation, stage at presentation, laterality and percentage of various types of histological types.

Results: Total 76 patients were enrolled in the study (57 males and 19 females) after excluding 11 patients who lost to follow up. 75% patients (n=57) were males and 25% females (n=19). Most common RCC was clear cell (76.31%). Peak incidence was in 7th decade. Radical nephrectomy was done in 54 and partial nephrectomy in 22 patients.

Keywords: Renal cell carcinoma, incidental detection, paraneoplastic syndromes, radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy.

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(5):277–300.
2. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:11–30.
3. Lindblad P. Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Scand J Surg 2004;93:88‑
4. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun AS. The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2001b;166:1611–23.
5. Wallen EM, Pruthi RS, Joyce GF, Urologic Diseases in America Project, et al. Kidney cancer. J Urol 2007;177:2006–19.
6. Washio M, Mori M, Mikami K, Miki T, Watanabe Y, Nakao M, et al. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in a Japanese population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 9065-9070.
7. Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics 2000. CA Cancer J Clin. 2000;50:57.
8. Silverman SG, Israel GM, Herts BR, et al. Management of the incidental renal mass. Radiology 2008;249:16–31.
9. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Rauch MK, Belldegrun A. Incidental renal tumors. Urology 2000;56:190‑
10. Modified from Gold PJ, Fefer A, Thompson JA. Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma. Semin Urol Oncol 1996;14:216–22.
11. Campbell SC, Lane BR. Malignant renal tumors. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, editors. Campbell‑Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. p. 1413‑
12. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun AS. The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2001;166:1611‑
13. Modified from Donat SM, Diaz M, Bishoff JT, et al. Follow-up for clinically localized renal neoplasms: AUA guideline. J Urol 2013;190:407–16.
14. Modified from Donat SM, Diaz M, Bishoff JT, et al. Follow-up for clinically localized renal neoplasms: AUA guideline. J Urol 2013;190:407–16.
15. Sivaramakrishna B, Gupta NP, Wadhwa P, Hemal AK, Dogra PN, Seth A, et al. Pattern of metastases in renal cell carcinoma: A single institution study. Indian J Cancer 2005;42:173‑
16. Stephenson AJ, Chetner MP, Rourke K, Gleave ME, Signaevsky M, Palmer B, et al. Guidelines for the surveillance of localized renal cell carcinoma based on the patterns of relapse after nephrectomy. J Urol 2004;172:58–62.
17. Hafez KS, Novick AC, Campbell SC. Patterns of tumor recurrence and guidelines for follow up after nephron sparing surgery for sporadic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1997;157:2067–70.
18. Amin MB, Amin MB, Tamboli P, Javidan J, Stricker H, de-Peralta Venturina M, et al. Prognostic impact of histologic subtyping of adult renal epithelial neoplasms: an experience of 405 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:281–91.
19. Yasunaga Y, Shin M, Miki T, Okuyama A, Aozasa K. Prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. J Surg Oncol 1998;68:11–5.
20. Aaltomaa S, Lipponen P, Ala-Opas M, Eskelinen M, Syrjanen K. Prognostic value of Ki-67 expression in renal cell carcinomas. Eur Urol 1997;31:350–3.
21. Morell-Quadreny L, Clar-Blanch F, Fenolossa-Enterna B, Perez-Bacete M, Martinez-Lorente A, Llombard-Bosch A. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a prognostic factor in renal cell carcinomas. Anticancer Res 1998;18:677–80.
22. Ljungberg B, Alamdari FI, Rasmuson T, Roos G. Follow-up guidelines for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma based on the occurrence of metastases after radical nephrectomy. BJU Int 1999;84:405–11.
23. Parienty RA, Richard F, Pradel J, Vallancien G. Local recurrence after nephrectomy for primary renal cancer: computerized tomogr-aphy recognition. J Urol 1984;132:246–9.
24. Sandock DS, Seftel AD, Resnick MI. A new protocol for the followup of renal cell carcinoma based on pathological stage. J Urol 1995;154:28–31.
25. Montie JE. Follow-up after partial or total nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 1994;21:589–92.
26. Bassil B, Dosoretz DE, Prout GR Jr. Validation of the tumor, nodes and metastasis classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1985;134:450‑
27. Phillips CK, Taneja SS. The role of lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2004;22:214‑
28. Chow WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA 1999;281:1628‑

Priyabrata Das

C/O Baby Peter, Nirmal T.C. VI/2009, Medical College PO, Prasanth Nagar,

Thiruvananthapuram-695011, Kerala

Email id- This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Phone- 9497345292