Title: Effects of Air Pollution on Respiratory Diseases in India
Authors: Rekha Jalandra, Archana Joon
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i7.05
Abstract
Air pollution is the undesirable change in quality of air. In a developing country like India where majority of population lives in rural area, but both rural and urban areas are equally affected by pollution. Air pollution is largest environmental health risk that approximately kills 1 in 8 people globally, due to heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease and cancer. According to WHO air quality model (2016) about 92 % of world’s population lives in places where air quality level exceed WHO limits. Particulate matter present in polluted air such as dust, smoke, pollen and volatile organic compounds trigger can cause serious damage to respiratory tract. When we breathe in dirty air, we bring air pollutants deep into our lungs; can trigger new cases of asthma. It can not only worsen a pre-existing respiratory illness, but also provoke the development of other diseases such as chronic illness, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and respiratory allergies, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer etc., which can be fatal. By eating balanced and nutritious diet, not exposing to polluted area and wearing masks at a place where AQI is above the limit. Creating awareness about harmful effects of air pollution among people may be helpful to downscale its fatal effects.
Keywords- Pollution, indoor, outdoor, AQI, biomass, particulate matter.
References
1. Kelly FJ, Influence of air pollution on respiratory disease, UK, EMJ, 2014, 2:96-103.
2. Arbex MA, Santos UD, Martins LC, Nascimento Saldiva PH, Amador Pereira LA and Braga AL, Air pollution and the respiratory system, J. bras. Pneumol, 2012, 38:643-55.
3. Kelly FJ and Fussell JC, Size, Source and chemical composition as determinants of toxicity attributable to ambient particulate matter, Atmospheric Environ, 2012, 60:504-26.
4. Künzli N, Perez L and Rapp R, Air quality and health, Lausanne (Switzerland): European Respiratory Society, World Health Organization, 2010, p. 89.
5. World Health Organization, Air quality guidelines, Global update 2005, Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 2005.
6. Schwartz J, Air pollution and children’s health, Pediatrics, 2004, 113: 1037-43.
7. Trasande L and Thurston GD, The role of air pollution in asthma and other pediatric morbidities, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2005, 115: 689-99.
8. Braga AL, Zanobetti A and Schwartz J, The lag structure between particulate air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in 10 US cities, J Occup Environ Med, 2001, 43:927-33.
9. Salvi S, Health effects of ambient air pollution in children, Paediatr Respir Rev, 2007, 8:275-80.
10. Minelli C, Wei I, Sagoo G, Jarvis D, Shaheen S and Burney P, Interactive effects of antioxidant genes and air pollution on respiratory function and airway disease: a HuGE review, Am J Epidemiol, 2011, 173:603-20.
11. Srám RJ, Binková B, Dejmek J and Bobak M, Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature, Environ Health Perspect, 2005, 113:375-82.
12. Ritz B and Wilhelm M, Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: methodologic issues in an emerging field, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2008, 102:182-90.
13. Kannan S, Misra DP, Dvonch JT and Krishnakumar A, Exposures to airborne particulate matter and adverse perinatal outcomes: a biologically plausible mechanistic framework for exploring potential effect modification by nutrition, Environ Health Perspect, 2006, 114:1636-42.
14. Lacasaña M, Esplugues A and Ballester F, Exposure to ambient air pollution and prenatal and early childhood health effects, Eur J Epidemiol, 2005, 20:183-99.
15. Medeiros A and Gouveia N, Relationship between low birthweight and air pollution in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Rev Saude Publica, 2005, 39:965-72.
16. Samoli E, Nastos PT, Paliatsos AG, Katsouyanni K and Priftis KN, Acute effects of air pollution on pediatric asthma exacerbation: evidence of association and effect modification, Environ Res, 2011, 111:418-24.
17. Esposito S, Galeone C, Lelii M, Longhi B, Ascolese B, Senatore L, Prada E, Montinaro V, Malerba S, Patria MF and Principi N, Impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in children with recurrent wheezing or asthma, 2014, 14:130.
18. Laumbach RJ and Kipen HM, Respiratory Health Effects of Air Pollution: Update on Biomass Smoke and Traffic Pollution, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2012, 129: 3–13.
19. McCreanor J, Cullinan P, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Stewart-Evans J, Malliarou E, Jarup L, Harrington R, Svartengren M, Han IK, Ohman-Strickland P, Chung KF and Zhang J, Respiratory effects of exposure to diesel traffic in persons with asthma, N Engl J Med. 2007, 357:2348-58.
20. Romieu I, Albino BV, Consuelo EN, Ann-Charlotte A, David DS, Peter DS and Anna C, Exhaled breath malondialdehyde as a marker of effect of exposure to air pollution in children with asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2008, 121:903–9.
21. Romieu I, Castro-Giner F, Kunzli N and Sunyer J, Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress and Dietary Supplementation: A Review. Eur. Respir. J., 2008, 31:179–197.
22. Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S and Beasley R, Global Initiative for Asthma (Gina) Program. The Global Burden of Asthma: Executive Summary of the Gina Dissemination Committee Report, Allergy, 2004, 59:469–478.
23. Chen H, Goldberg MS and Villeneuve PJ, A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases, Rev Environ Health, 2008, 23: 243-297.
24. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A and Prüss-Ustün A, Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries, Lancet, 2011, 377:139-46.
25. Medina-Ramón M, Zanobetti A and Schwartz J, The effect of ozone and PM10 on hospital admissions for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a national multicity study, Am J Epidemiol, 2006, 163:579-88.
26. Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Chaudhry K, Chhabra SK, D’Souza GA, Gupta D, Katiyar SK, Kumar R, Shah B and Vijayan VK, Asthma Epidemiology Study Group. A multicentric study on epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relationship with tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci., 2006, 48:23–29.
27. Rumana HS, Sharma RC, Beniwal V and Sharma AK, A retrospective approach to assess human health risks associated with growing air pollution in urbanized area of Thar Desert, western Rajasthan, India J Environ Health Sci Eng, 2014, 12: 23.
28. Abbey DE, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, Mcdonnell WF , Lebowitz MD and Enright PL, Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1998, 158:289-98.
29. Ko FW and Hui DS, Air Pollution and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Respirology., 2012, 17:395–401.
30. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I and Ervik M, Globocan 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide, IARC CancerBase No. 11. 2013, Accessed June 19, 2015.
31. Jiang XQ, Mei XD and Feng D, Air pollution and chronic airway diseases: what should people know and do?, J Thorac Dis, 2016, 8:31-40.
32. Chaudhuri R, Livingston E, McMahon AD, Lafferty J , Fraser I, Spears M, Charles P, McSharry and Thomson NC, Effects of smoking cessation on lung function and airway inflammation in smokers with asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006, 174:127-33.
33. Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K and Thurston GD, Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution, J Amer Med Assoc, 2002, 287:1132–41.
34. Teotia SPS and Teotia M, Endemic bone disease and deformities consequent to disorders in nutrition, bone and mineral metabolism and related hormones. Published report, New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research, 1996, p. 1-111.
35. Péter S, Holguin F, Wood LG, Clougherty JE, Raederstorff D, Antal M, Weber P and Eggersdorfer M, Nutritional solutions to Reduce Risks of Negative Health Impacts of Air Pollution Nutrients, 2015, 7: 10398–416.
36. Manicourt DH and Devogelaer JP, Urban Tropospheric Ozone Increases the Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Belgian Postmenopausal Women with Outdoor Activities During Summer, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, 2008, 93:3893–99.
37. Holick MF, Vitamin D Deficiency in 2010: Health Benefits of Vitain D and Sunlight: A D-Bate. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol, 2011, 7:73–75.
38. Troesch B, Hoeft B, Mcburney M, Eggersdorfer M and Weber P, Dietary Surveys Indicate Vitamin Intakes Below Recommendations Are Common in Representative Western Countries, Br. J. Nutr, 2012, 108:692–98.
39. Wood LG, Garg ML, Simpson JL, Mori TA, Croft KD and Wark PA, Gibson P.G. Induced Sputum 8-Isoprostane Concentrations in Inflammatory Airway Diseases, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, 2005, 171:426–30.
40. Kelly FJ, Dietary Antioxidants and Environmental Stress, Proc. Nutr Soc, 2004, 63:579–85.
41. Romieu I, Garcia-Esteban R, Sunyer J, Rios C, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Velasco SR and Holguin F, The Effect of Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Elderly Exposed to Pm (2.5) Environ. Health Perspect, 2008, 116:1237–42.
42. Tong H, Rappold AG, Diaz-Sanchez D, Steck SE, Berntsen J, Cascio WE, Devlin RB and Samet JM, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Appears to Attenuate Particulate Air Pollution-Induced Cardiac Effects and Lipid Changes in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults, Environ, Health Perspect, 2012, 120:952–57.
43. Barn P, Larson T, Noullett M, Kennedy S, Copes R and Brauer M, Infiltration of forest fire and residential wood smoke: an evaluation of air cleaner effectiveness, J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 2008, 18:503-11.
44. Zhao P, Yu KP and Lin CC, Risk assessment of inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiwanese workers at night markets, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 2011, 84:231-37
45. MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE, Seale H, Cheung P, Browne G, Fasher M, Wood J, Gao Z and Booy R, Ferguson N, Face Mask Use and Control of Respiratory Virus Transmission in Households, Emerg Infect Dis, 2009, 15:233-41.
46. Ingle ST, Pachpande BG, Wagh ND, Patel VS and Attarde VB, Exposure to vehicular pollution and respiratory impairment of traffic policemen in Jalgaon City, India, Ind Health, 2005, 43:656-62.s