Title: Vitamin D Deficiency and Manifestation of the Disease: Revisiting the Significance
Authors: Astha Giri M.Sc, Renu Pandey M.Sc, Gaurav Tyagi M.Sc
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i6.163
Abstract
It has been reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with various health problems ranging from bacterial & viral infections to psychotic disorders. In this review we have summarized the role of vitamin D deficiency in the occurrence of bacterial diseases, viral infection, its role in depression and asthma as well as conditions associated with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. It has been shown that vitamin D can regulates nearly 5% of the human genome further strengthens its role in the overall well-being. More research is needed in order to understand the physiology and effect of supplementation of vitamin D on the outcome of disease.
Keywords:- Vitamin D, Psychotic Disease, Bacterial Disease, Viral Disease.
References
1. Norman AW. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008 Aug 1;88(2):491S-9S.
2. Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. InMayo Clinic Proceedings 2013 Jul 31 (Vol. 88, No. 7, pp. 720-755). Elsevier.
3. Zhang R, Naughton DP. Vitamin D in health and disease: current perspectives. Nutrition journal. 2010 Dec 8;9(1):65.
4. Bikle DD. Vitamin D: newly discovered actions require reconsideration of physiologic requirements. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2010 Jun 30;21(6):375-84.
5. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the intracrinology of innate immunity. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2010 Jun 10;321(2):103-11.
6. Lang PO, Samaras N, Samaras D, Aspinall R. How important is vitamin D in preventing infections?. Osteoporosis International. 2013 May 1;24(5):1537-53.
7. Compston A, Ebers G, Lassmann H, McDonald I, Matthews B, Wekerle H. McAlpine’s Multiple Sclerosis. 3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone (1998).
8. Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H. Multiple sclerosis and microbiota. From genome to metagenome? Nervenarzt (2015) 86(8):925–33. doi:10.1007/s00115-014-4248-7
9. Disanto G, Meier U, Giovannoni G, Ramagopalan SV. Vitamin D: a link between Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis development?. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2011 Sep 1;11(9):1221-4.
10. Ramien C, Pachnio A, Sisay S, Begum J, Leese A, Disanto G, Kuhle J, Giovannoni G, Rickinson A, Ramagopalan SV, Moss P. Hypovitaminosis-D and EBV: no interdependence between two MS risk factors in a healthy young UK autumn cohort. Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 2014 May;20(6):751-3.
11. Meier UC, Giovannoni G, Tzartos JS, Khan G. Translational Mini‐Review Series on B cell subsets in disease. B cells in multiple sclerosis: drivers of disease pathogenesis and Trojan horse for Epstein–Barr virus entry to the central nervous system?. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2012 Jan 1;167(1):1-6.
12. Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’reilly E, Hernan MA, Olek MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004 Jan 13;62(1):60-5.
13. Mokry LE, Ross S, Ahmad OS, Forgetta V, Smith GD, Leong A, Greenwood CM, Thanassoulis G, Richards JB. Vitamin D and risk of multiple sclerosis: a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2015 Aug 25;12(8):e1001866.
14. Bahlo M, Booth DR, Broadley SA, Brown MA, Foote SJ, Griffiths LR, Kilpatrick TJ, Lechner-Scott J, Moscato P, Perreau VM, Rubio JP. Genome-wide association study identifies new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 20. Nature genetics. 2009 Jul 1;41(7):824-8.
15. Kočovská E, Gaughran F, Krivoy A, Meier UC. Vitamin-D Deficiency As a Potential Environmental Risk Factor in Multiple Sclerosis, Schizophrenia, and Autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2017;8.
16. Schultz SK, Andreasen NC. Schizophrenia. Lancet (1999) 353(9162):1425–30.
17. Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia.
18. Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 1;162(1):12-24.
19. Valipour G, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A. Serum vitamin D levels in relation to schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014 Jul 22;99(10):3863-72.
20. Nerhus M, Berg AO, Kvitland LR, Dieset I, Hope S, Dahl SR, et al. Low vitamin D is associated with negative and depressive symptoms in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res (2016) 178(1–3):44–9.
21. McGrath J, Saari K, Hakko H, Jokelainen J, Jones P, Järvelin MR, Chant D, Isohanni M. Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life and risk of schizophrenia: a Finnish birth cohort study. Schizophrenia research. 2004 Apr 1;67(2):237-45.
22. Buescher AV, Cidav Z, Knapp M, Mandell DS. Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States. JAMA pediatrics. 2014 Aug 1;168(8):721-8.
23. Masi A, Quintana DS, Glozier N, Lloyd AR, Hickie IB, Guastella AJ. Cytokine aberrations in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular psychiatry. 2015 Apr 1;20(4):440-6.
24. Kočovská E, Gaughran F, Krivoy A, Meier UC. Vitamin-D Deficiency As a Potential Environmental Risk Factor in Multiple Sclerosis, Schizophrenia, and Autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2017;8.
25. Kočovská E, Andorsdóttir G, Weihe P, Halling J, Fernell E, Stóra T, Biskupstø R, Gillberg IC, Shea R, Billstedt E, Bourgeron T. Vitamin D in the general population of young adults with autism in the Faroe Islands. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2014 Dec 1;44(12):2996-3005.
26. Fernell E, Bejerot S, Westerlund J, Miniscalco C, Simila H, Eyles D, Gillberg C, Humble MB. Autism spectrum disorder and low vitamin D at birth: a sibling control study. Molecular autism. 2015 Jan 14;6(1):3.
27. Whitehouse AJ, Holt BJ, Serralha M, Holt PG, Kusel MM, Hart PH. Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development. Pediatrics. 2012 Mar 1;129(3):485-93.
28. Saad K, Abdel-rahman AA, Elserogy YM, Al-Atram AA, Cannell JJ, Bjørklund G, Abdel-Reheim MK, Othman HA, El-Houfey AA, Abd El-Aziz NH, Abd El-Baseer KA. Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutritional neuroscience. 2016 Sep 13;19(8):346-51.
29. Stubbs G, Henley K, Green J. Autism: Will vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood reduce the recurrence rate of autism in newborn siblings?. Medical hypotheses. 2016 Mar 31;88:74-8.
30. Gloth 3rd FM, Alam W, Hollis B. Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. The journal of nutrition, health & aging. 1998 Dec;3(1):5-7.
31. Armstrong DJ, Meenagh GK, Bickle I, Lee AS, Curran ES, Finch MB. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia. Clinical rheumatology. 2007 Apr 1;26(4):551-4.
32. Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, Hewison M, McGrath JJ. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1α-hydroxylase in human brain. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy. 2005 Jan 31;29(1):21-30.
33. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2000 Sep 1;72(3):690-3.
34. Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy. 2004 May 1;59(5):469-78.
35. Rajakumar K, Fernstrom JD, Janosky JE, Greenspan SL. Vitamin D insufficiency in preadolescent African-American children. Clinical pediatrics. 2005 Oct;44(8):683-92.
36. Sundar IK, Hwang JW, Wu S, Sun J, Rahman I. Deletion of vitamin D receptor leads to premature emphysema/ COPD by increased matrix metalloprot-einases and lymphoid aggregates formation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2011 Mar 4;406(1):127-33.
37. Hejazi ME, Modarresi-Ghazani F, Entezari-Maleki T. A review of Vitamin D effects on common respiratory diseases: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and tuberculosis. Journal of research in pharmacy practice. 2016 Jan;5(1):7.
38. Salamon H, Bruiners N, Lakehal K, Shi L, Ravi J, Yamaguchi KD, Pine R, Gennaro ML. Cutting edge: vitamin D regulates lipid metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The Journal of Immunology. 2014 Jul 1;193(1):30-4.
39. Hansdottir S, Monick MM, Hinde SL, Lovan N, Look DC, Hunninghake GW. Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense. The Journal of Immunology. 2008 Nov 15;181(10):7090-9.
40. Roth DE, Jones AB, Prosser C, Robinson JL, Vohra S. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the risk of acute lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Mar 1;197(5):676-80.
41. Desai NS, Tukvadze N, Frediani JK, Kipiani M, Sanikidze E, Nichols MM, Hebbar G, Kempker RR, Mirtskhulava V, Kalandadze I, Seydafkan S. Effects of sunlight and diet on vitamin D status of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tbilisi, Georgia. Nutrition. 2012 Apr 30;28(4):362-6.
42. Selvaraj P. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and cathelicidin in the treatment of tuberculosis. Vitamins and hormones. 2010 Dec;86:307-25.
43. Adams JS, Ren S, Liu PT, Chun RF, Lagishetty V, Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Modlin RL, Hewison M. Vitamin d-directed rheostatic regulation of monocyte antibacterial responses. The Journal of Immunology. 2009 Apr 1;182(7):4289-95.
44. Coussens AK, Wilkinson RJ, Hanifa Y, Nikolayevskyy V, Elkington PT, Islam K, Timms PM, Venton TR, Bothamley GH, Packe GE, Darmalingam M. Vitamin D accelerates resolution of inflammatory responses during tuberculosis treatment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012 Sep 18;109(38):15449-54.
45. Morcos MM, Gabr AA, Samuel S, Kamel M, El Baz M, El Beshry M, Michail RR. Vitamin D administration to tuberculous children and its value. Bollettino chimico farmaceutico. 1998 May;137(5):157-64.
46. Nursyam EW, Amin Z, Rumende CM. The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculous lesion. Hemoglobin. 2006 Jan 16;1500:1500.
47. Martineau AR, Timms PM, Bothamley GH, Hanifa Y, Islam K, Claxton AP, Packe GE, Moore-Gillon JC, Darmalingam M, Davidson RN, Milburn HJ. High-dose vitamin D 3 during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2011 Jan 21;377(9761):242-50.
48. Salahuddin, N., Ali, F., Hasan, Z., Rao, N., Aqeel, M. and Mahmood, F., 2013. Vitamin D accelerates clinical recovery from tuberculosis: results of the SUCCINCT Study [Supplementary Cholecalciferol in recovery from tuberculosis]. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis’. BMC infectious diseases, 13(1), p.22.
49. Hejazi ME, Modarresi-Ghazani F, Entezari-Maleki T. A review of Vitamin D effects on common respiratory diseases: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and tuberculosis. Journal of research in pharmacy practice. 2016 Jan;5(1):7.
50. Beard JA, Bearden A, Striker R. Vitamin D and the anti-viral state. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2011 Mar 31;50(3):194-200.
51. Rehman PK. Sub-clinical rickets and recurrent infection. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1994 Feb;40(1):58.
52. Avenell A, Cook JA, MacLennan GS, Mac Pherson GC. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438). Age and ageing. 2007 Sep1;36(5):574-7.
53. Li-Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh J, Berbari N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections. Epidemiology and infection. 2009 Oct 1;137(10):1396-404.
54. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Thursz M, Whittle HC, Hill AV. Tuberculosis and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Africans and variation in the vitamin D receptor gene. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 Mar 1;179(3):721-4.
55. Loke H, Bethell D, Phuong CX, Day N, White N, Farrar J, Hill A. Susceptibility to dengue hemorrhagic fever in vietnam: evidence of an association with variation in the vitamin d receptor and Fc gamma receptor IIa genes. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2002 Jul 1;67(1):102-6.
Bitetto D, Fabris C, Fornasiere E, Pipan C, Fumolo E, Cussigh A, Bignulin S, Cmet S, Fontanini E, Falleti E, Martinella R. Vitamin D suppleme-ntation improves response to antiviral treatment for recurrent hepatitis C. Transplant International. 2011 Jan 1;24(1):43-50