Title: Role of transforming growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor and their receptors in the pathogenesis of bleomycin induced lung fibrosis
Authors: Apoorva Pandey, Ritu Kulshrestha, Himani Singh, Shilpi Bhardwaj, Surendra K Bansal
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i6.146
Abstract
Several growth factors including transforming growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor etc. are known to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. While these growth factors stimulate the proliferation of lung fibroblasts in vitro, their altered expression and release during angiogenesis, aberrant vascular and parenchymal remodeling in lung fibrosis remains controversial. These factors act via receptor tyrosine kinases (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor), and serine threonine kinase receptors (transforming growth factor receptor) which in turn regulate their availability and modulate cell functions. Therefore protein kinase inhibitors are gaining popularity in the treatment of diseases due to hyperactive protein kinases (including mutant or over expressed kinases in cancer) and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Recently the tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as nintedanib have shown anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we summarise the evidence for involvement of transforming growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and their receptors in the pathogenesis of parenchymal and vascular remodeling in pulmonary fibrosis.
Keywords: Pulmonary fibrosis, bleomycin, Transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, receptor tyrosine kinases, serine threonine kinase receptors.
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