Title: Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight Bearing Proprioception Assessment of Dominant and Non-Dominant Lower Limbs in Adult Females
Author: Abeer F. Hanafy
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i2.45
Abstract
Background: Weight-bearing (WB) assessment has long been reported to be more accurate and functionally related than non-weight-bearing (NWB) assessment. Yet, there is lack of knowledge that supports its relation with proprioception accuracy and functional performance.
Purpose: This study examined the relationship between WB and NWB active joint reposition sense (JRS) and a functional hop test. In addition to determining whether there are differences of these parameters between the dominant and non-dominant extremities.
Methods: Thirty adult females with mean age 20.3± 1.46 years and BMI 32.56 ± 3.26 kg/m2 participated in the study. They were tested under two conditions for both lower limbs that were tested randomly; WB and NWB.
Results: Two-Way ANOVA revealed that the absolute errors of the JRS testing were significantly high during NWB testing compared with WB testing of both lower extremities (p<0.05). Moreover, the ANOVA revealed a significant reduction in the absolute error values of JRS with the dominant limbs compared with the non-dominant limbs (P<0.05) during both testing procedures. Additionally, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) showed moderate significant negative correlations between the hopping distances and absolute JRS testing errors of both NWB and WB testing of only the dominant lower limbs (r= -0.50, P= 0.034) and (r= -0.511, P= 0.030) respectively.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that WB proprioception assessment produced more accurate and functionally related results than NWB assessment especially for the dominant lower extremities in healthy adult females.
Keywords: Proprioception, weight-bearing, non-weight-bearing, closed kinetic chain, functional performance.
References
1. Richendollar ML, Darby LA, Brown, TM. Ice Bag Application, Active Warm-Up, and 3 Measures of Maximal Functional Perfo-rmance. J Athl Train 2006: 41(4): 364-70.
2. Costello J, Donnelly A. Effects of cold water immersion on knee joint position sense in healthy volunteers. J Sports Sci 2011: 29(5): 449-56.
3. Sharma G, Noohu M. Effect of ice massage on lower extremity functional performance and weight discrimination ability in collegiate footballers. Asian J sports med 2014: 5(3).
4. Owen JL, Campbell S, Falkner SJ, Bialkowski C, Ward AT. Is there evidence that proprioception or balance training can prevent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in athletes without previus ACL injury? Phys Ther 2006: 86(10).
5. Ozmun JC, Thieme HA, Ingersoll CD, Knight KL. Cooling does not affect knee proprioception. J Athl Train 1996: 31(1): 8-11.
6. Andersen SB, TERWILLIGER DM, Denegar CR. Comparison of open versus closed kinetic chain test positions for measuring joint position sense. J. Sport. Rehabil 1995: 4: 165-171.
7. Bernier JN, Perrin DH. Effect of coordination training on proprioception of the functionally unstable ankle. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1998: 27:264-275.
8. Gilsing MG, Van den Bosch CG, Lee SG, Ashton-Miller JA, Alexander NB, Schultz AB, Ericson WA. Association of age with the threshold for detecting ankle inversion and eversion in upright stance. Age and Ageing 1995: 24: 58-66.
9. Waddington G, Adams R, Jones A. Wobble board (ankle disc) training effects on the discrimination of inversion movem-ents. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1999:45: 95-101.
10. Birmingham TB, Inglis JT, Kramer JF, Mooney CA, Murray LJ, Fowler PJ, et al. Effect of a neoprene sleeve on knee joint kinesthesis: Influence of different testing procedures. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1998: 32: 304-308.
11. Birmingham TB, Kramer JF, Inglis JT, Mooney CA, Murray LJ, et al. Effect of a neoprene sleeve on knee joint position sense during sitting open kinetic chain and supine closed kinetic chain tests. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1998: 26: 562-566.
12. Kramer JT, Handfield G, Kiefer L, Forwell T, Birmingham T. Comparisons of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing tests of knee proprioception performed by patients with patella-femoral pain syndrome and asymptomatic individuals. Clin. J. Sport Med 1997: 7:113-118.
13. Taylor RA, Marshall PH, Dunlap RD, Gable CD, Sizer PS. Knee position error detection in closed and open kinetic chain tasks during concurrent cognitive distraction. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1998: 28: 81-87.
14. Bolgla LA, Keskula DR. Reliability of lower extremity functional performance tests. JOSPT 1997: 26(3): 138-142.
15. Drouin JM, Houglum PA, Perrin DH, Gansneder BM. Weight bearing and non-weight-bearing knee joint reposition sense are not related to functional performance. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2003: 12:54-66.
16. Bell-Krotoski JA, Fess EE, Figarola JH, Hiltz D. Threshold detection and Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. J Hand Ther 1995: 8(2): 155–162.
17. Verschueren SM, Swinnen SP, Cordo PJ, Dounskaia NV. Proprioceptive control of multi-joint movement: Unimanual circle drawing. Experimental Brain Research 1999: 127: 171-181.
18. Abelew TA, Miller MD, Cope TC, Nichols R. Local loss of proprioception results in disruption of interjoint coordination during locomotion in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 2000: 84: 2709-2714.
19. Kavounoudias A, Roll R, Roll JP. The plantar sole is a ‘dynamometric map’ for human balance control. Neuroreport 1998: 9: 3247-3252.
20. Refshauge K, Fitzpatrick R. Perception of movement at the human ankle: Effects of leg position. Journal of Physiology 1995: 488(1): 243-248.
21. Wilson LR, Gandevia SC, Burke D. Discharge of human muscle spindle afferents innervating ankle dorsiflexors during target isometric contractions. Journal of Physiology 1997: 504: 221-232.
22. Velay JL, Roll R, Paillard J. Elbow position sense in man: Contrasting results in matching and pointing. Human Movement Science 1989: 8: 177-193.
23. Stillman BC, McMeeken JM. The role of weight bearing in the clinical assessment of knee joint position sense. Aust. J. Physiother 2001: 47: 247-253.
24. Ghiasi F., Akbari A. Comparison of the effects of open and closed kinematic chain and different target position on the knee joint position sense. J. Med. Sci 2007: 7(6): 969-976.
25. Hyouk Bang D, Seob Shin W, Jin Choi S, Suk Chot H. Comparison of the effect of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing positions on knee position sense in patients with chronic stroke. J.Phys.Ther. Sci 2015: 27:1203-1206
26. Bunton EE, Pitney WA, Kane AW, Cappert TA. The role of limb torque, muscle action and proprioception during closed kinetic chain rehabilitation of the lower extremity. J. Athletic Training 1993: 28:10-20.
27. Kramer J, Handfield T, Kiefer G, Forwell L, Birmingham T: Comparisons of weight-bearing and non- weight-bearing tests of knee proprioception performed by patients with patello-femoral pain syndrome and asymptomatic individuals. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 1997: 7: 113-118.
28. Lokhande MV, Shetye J, Mehta A. Assessment of knee joint proprioception in weight bearing and in non-weight bearing positions in normal subjects. JKIMSU 2013: 2: 94–101.
29. Hewett TE, Paterno MV, Myer GD. Strategies for enhancing proprioception and neuromuscular control of the knee. Clinical orthopedics and related research 2002: 402: 76-94.
30. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Dynamic neuro- muscular training for preventing knee injury in female athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2002.
31. Sekir U, Keles SB, Gur H. Muscle latency and proprioception in non-dominant and dominant legs of healthy sedentary individuals. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2015: 61: 51-7.
32. Riskowski J L, Hagedorn TJ, Dufour AB, Casey VA, Hannan MT. Evaluating gait symmetry and leg dominance during walking in healthy older adults. ISB Brussels 2011.
33. Mc-Curdy K, Langford G. Comparison of unilateral squat strength between the dominant and non-dominant leg in men and women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2005: 4, 153-159.
34. Erkem N, Taskin H, Sanioglu A, Kaplan T, Basturk D. Relationships between Balance and Functional Performance in Football Players. Journal of Human Kinetics 2010:26, 21-29.
35. Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer: NCAA data and review of literature. Am J Sports Med 1995: 23:694–701.